The biomechanical assessment of the spine differs from that of the
extremities, as firstly it is a linked multijoint complex although the
extremity joints are single. The extremity muscles are discrete and
isolated, although the spinal muscles as seen below blend with each
other, preventing individual muscle assessment in vivo. Thus all spine
ligament and muscle functional assessment is indirect with single
motion segment bench testing or with computer modeling, with inadequate
information as to the in vivo length and cross-sectional area of the
individual muscles and their activity in different physiological
activities.
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